Pancha Narayan Maharjan
Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies (CNAS), Tribhuvan University,
Kathmandu
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Pancha Narayan Maharjan
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g]kfndf dfcf]jfbL hgo'4 Paper
presented at the national seminar on d rfxG5' ;a} g]kfnL d h:t} xf]pmg\ . j:g] Ps 3/ xf];\ . hf]Tg] Ps 6's|f hdLg xf];\ . cf+ugdf b'x'gf] ufO{ xf];\ . cf}ifwLd"nf]sf] ;d'lrt Joj:yf xf];\ . s]6fs]6Lx?sf] lzIffsf] plrt k|jGw xf];\ . oxL g} d]/f] hLjgsf] ;kgf xf] . o;nfO{ k|hftGq eGg';\ of ;dfhjfb oL hgtfsf Go"gtd cfjZostf x'g\ h;sf] kl/k"lt{ x'g}k5{ -aL =kL =sf]O/fnfsf] ;kgf M g]kfnL sf+u|]; / o;sf b[li6sf]0fx?, @)%@ af6_ olb :j=>L ljZj]Zj/ k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] ;kgfnfO{ cfhsf k|hftGqjfbL egfp+bf g]tfx?n] dgg\ u/]sf] eP @)$^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ngdfkm{t k'gM k|fKt k|hftGqn] zfob ^ jif{ leq} dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug'{kg{] lyPg . clxn]sf] o'udf k|hftflGqs Joj:yf Pp6f lglj{sNk Joj:yfsf] ?kdf cufl8 cfO/x]sf]] 5 . h'g Joj:yfdf s'g} klg ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ af6f] x'G5, olb hgtf jlnof] x'G5 eg] . egfO{sf] tfTko{ hgtfsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhgLlts clwsf/nfO{ ;';lHht ul/ To:sf] rf}tlkm{ ljsf; ug'{ kb{5 . hj;Dd hgtfnfO{ tL clwsf/x?af6 jl~rt ul/G5 / ltgLx?sf] ljsf;sf] nflu s'g} gLltut k|of;sf] yfngL ul/+b}g tj;Dd k|hftGqn] s'g} klg lsl;dsf] ;d:of ;fdgf ug{ ;St}g . k|hftGq sfuhdf Joj:yf u/]/ dfq x'+b}g, lgjf{rgsf] dfWodaf6 k|ltlglwd"ns eP/ dfq x'+b}g, oyfy{ ?kdf k|hftGqsf] efjgf / cIf/; k|of]u / kfngf ug{' kb{5 . hj;Dd s'g}klg lgjf{lrt ;/sf/ lgjf{rg kl/0ffdd"lv (performance oriented on the basis of electoral manifestoes and commitments) -r'gfjsf] ;dodf hgtfsf] nflu JoQm u/]sf k|ltj4tfnfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug]{ gLltx? cjnDjg ul/+b}g_ x'+b}g tj;Dd Tof] vfln gfd dfqsf] k|hftGq x'G5 . lsgeg] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cfkm} k|hftGq xf]O{g of] Pp6f k|hftflGqs Joj:yfsf] dfWod dfq xf] . To:sf/0f, hj;Dd k|hftflGqs Joj:yfdf hgtfsf] rf}tlkm{ ljsf;sf] k|of; ul/+b}g tj;Dd Tof] k|hftGqdf hlxn] klg s'g} g s'g} ;d:ofx? cfO/xG5g\ . To:sf/0f, To:sf] nflu ;jeGbf klxn] s'g} klg /fhgLlts kf6L{ / g]tfb]lv sfo{stf{;Ddn] olb cfk"mnfO{ ;Rrf k|hftGqjfbL eg]/ bfjL u5{g\ / k|hfgGqnfO{ lbuf] /fVg rfxG5g\ eg] dfly pNn]lvt :j=>L aL=kL= sf]O/fnfsf] ;kgfnfO{ cfTd;fy u/]/ dfu{ lgb]{zgsf ?kdf cfTd;fy u/]/ cufl8 a9\g] k|of; ug'{ kb{5 . To:sf nflu ;jeGbf klxn] ltgLx? cfkm}n] k|hftflGqs ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; ug'{kb{5 / hgtfaf6 klg To:sf] kfngf u/fpg ;Sg' kb{5, clgdfq k|hftGqn] ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ ;S5 . cGoyf, of] c;Dej x'g hfG5 . ;kmn k|hftflGqs Joj:yfdf dfq /fhtGqsf] pRr dfg / dof{bf lbuf] ?kdf :yflkt x'g ;S5 . a]nfot, lgb/nf08, 8]Gdfs{, hfkfg, cfbL o;sf p4fx/0f x'g\ .g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf / g]kfnLsf] hghLjgsf] cj:yfnfO{ x[bo+ud u/]/ g} :j=>L aL=kL= sf]O/fnfn] k|hftGq k|flKt kZrft Tof] ;kgf b]Vg' ePsf] lyof] . b]zsf] s'n e"efu dWo] #% k|ltzt e"efu lxdfn, $@ k|ltzt kxf8 / @# k|ltzt t/fO{df kb{5 . To:t} lxdfndf v]tLof]Uo hdLg hDdf @ =! k|ltzt, kxf8df !) k|ltzt / t/fO{df $) k|ltzt 5g\ . hg;+Vofsf] lx;fjn] *=& k|ltzt lxdfndf, $& k|ltzt kxf8df / $# k|ltzt t/fO{df j;f]jf; u5{g\ . To:dWo] ^=$ k|ltzt zx/L efudf / (#=^ k|ltzt ufp+df j;f]jf; u5{g\ - HMG: 1991, p. 1-2) . To:t} 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{sf] cg';f/ ^) k|ltzt hgtf clzlIft 5g\, *! k|ltzt hgtf s[lif dhb'/Ldf lge{/ 5g\, &! k|ltzt hgtf u/LjLsf] /]vfd'lg hLjg u'hf/L/x]sf 5g\ eg] $^=% k|ltzt /fli6«o cfDbfgL !) k|ltzt hgtfn] pkef]u ul//x]sf 5g\ -cf+lv‰ØfnM!((*_ . dfly k|:t't tYofÍ / /fhgLltaf6 ck]lIft blnt / hghftLx?sf] cfjfhnfO{ s'g} klg /fhgLlts kfl6{sf g]tfx?n] zf]Rg g;s]sf sf/0f g} dfcf]jfbL hgo'4 hGdg'sf] d'Vo sf/0f dfGg ;lsG5 . h:sf] ;?cft @)%@ ;fn kmfu'g ! ut]af6 eof] .dfcf]jfbL hgo'4n]] % jif{ leq} b]zdf jfd];b}{ u/]sf] k|hftflGqs ax'bnLo Joj:yfdf Pp6f 7"nf] e"sDk drfOlbPsf] 5 . ;'?df ^ j6f lhNnfx? -?s'd, /f]Nkf, ;Nofg, hfh/sf]6, l;+w'nL / uf]/vf_ af6 ;'? u/]sf] of] hgo'4n] clxn] cfP/ b]zsf &% lhNnfx?dWo] &@ lhNnfx?df k|efj kfl/;s]sf] 5 eg] h:sf sf/0f %* lhNnfsf !%^$ dflg;n] cfk\mgf] Hofg u'dfO;s]sf 5g\ (February 13, 1996 b]lv May 14, 2001 ;Dddf, k5fl8 6]jn g+=!–$ / g]kfnsf] gSzf x]g'{ xf]nf_ . o; ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu /fli6«o tyf cGt/{fli6«o hutdf cd]l/sf, a]nfot, ci6]«nof, Pdg]li6 O{G6/g]zgn, ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] 7"nf] rf;f] b]vfO/x]sf 5g\ . To:t} /fli6«o tyf cGt/{fli6«o :t/df ;of}+ uf]i7Lx? e};s]sf 5g\ / /fli6«o tyf cGt/{fli6«o kq–klqsfx?df xhf/f}+ n]vx? k|sflzt e};s]sf 5g\ . t/, lj8Dagfsf] s'/f s]5 eg] clxn];Dd klg ;d:ofsf] af/]df 7f]; lgSof}{ndf ;/sf/ nufot s'g} klg kf6L{x? k'Ug;s]sf 5}gg\ . s;}n] o;nfO{ cft+ssf/L ;+1f lbPsf 5g\ eg] s;}n] o;nfO{ /fhgLlts dfGotf lbPsf 5g\ . To:t}, s;}n] o;nfO{ cft+sf/L ultljlw ePsf] sf/0f o;nfO{ ;}Go zlQm k|of]u u/]/ ePklg o; ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg t'?Gt ug'{ kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ eg] s;}n] o;nfO{ /fhgLlts sf/0f ePsf]n] o;nfO{ jftf{af6} ;dfwfg ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf cbfg lnPsf 5g\ . oL ofjt s'/fx? x]bf{v]l/ s] s'/f k|i6 x'G5 eg] ;d:ofsf] vf; klxrfg / ;dfwfgsf] s'/fdf g]kfnsf k|d'v /fhgLlts kf6L{x? vf;} ;xdltdf k'Ug ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . hj;Dd ;d:ofsf] ;xL klxrfg / ;xdlt x'+b}g tj;Dd ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg k|foM c;Dej 5 .:j=>L aL=kL= sf]O/fnfsf] ;kgf / dfcf]jfbL hgo'4 ;'? x'g'k"j{ k|Zt't $) ;'qLo dfux? k9\bfvl]/ hgcfGbf]ngaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] k|hftflGqs ax'bnLo Joj:yfn] hgtfn] k|hftGqdfly /fv]sf] pRr cf:yf / cfsf+Iffx? k"/f ug{ c;Ifd ePsf] sf/0fn] g} dfcf]jfbL hgo'4n] alnof];+u h/f uf8\g ;s]sf] s'/f o; n]vsnfO{ nfu]sf]n] o; sfo{kqdf aL=kL=sf] ;kgf / hgo'4sf] $) ;'qLo dfux?sf] cfwf/df cWoog ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . /, o; sfo{kqdf dfcf]jfbL hgo'4sf] k[i7e"ld, o:sf] d"n sf/0f, o:sf] hghfltx?;+u ;DjGw, ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf, ljleGg /fhgLlts kf6L{x?sf] e"ldsf, gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf, dfcf]jfbL hgo'4sf] eljio / o:sf] kl/0ffd, o:sf] ;dfwfgsf pkfox?sf] af/]df j0f{g ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . of] sfo{kq jf:tljs ?kdf k"0f{ 5}g, s]jn 5nkmnsf] nflu tof/ ul/Psf] 5nkmnkq dfq xf,] h;n] ubf{v]l/ o; ljåt\ ;dfhnfO{ 5nkmn u/L ;d:ofsf] d"n sf/0f / ;xL klxrfg ug{ d4t k'uf];\ / ;DjlGwt kIfnfO{ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] nflu Pp6f sf/stTj jGg ;sf];\ eGg] pB]Zo o; 5nkmnkqn] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5 . dfcf]jfbL hgo'4sf] /fhgLlts tyf P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld M dfcf]jfbL hgo'4sf] af/]df cWoog ubf{v]l/ ;jeGbf klxn] g]kfndf sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;sf] ljsf;s|dnfO{ ulx/f];+u lgofn]/ x]g'{kg]{ cfjZos x'G5 . g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] :yfkgfsf] d"n pB]Zo au{ ;3if{ cyf{t au{ ;q' ;fdGtL lj?4sf] cfGbf]ng xf] . o; cfGbf]ngnfO{ cufl8 xfFs]/ nfg] s|ddf sfn{ dfS;{b]lv n]lgg, :6flng, dfcf] x'+b} h'R5] ljrf/wf/fx?;Ddn] g]kfnsf sDo'lgi6 g]tfx?nfO{ k|efj kf/]sf] b]lvG5 . csf]{ s'/f g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] :yfkgfsfn ;+= !($( b]lv o:sf] ljsf; s|ddf ljleGg ;dodf o:sf] dft[;+:yfaf6 6's|f x+'b} 5'§} ;+:yfsf] ?kdf ljsf; e} slxn] km]/L h'6\b} slxn] 5'§} ;+:yfsf] ?kdf ljsf; e} xfn;Dddf o;sf] ;+Vof emG8} rf/ bh{g k'lu;s]sf5g\ eg] emGb} Ps bh{g hlt kf6L{x? clxn] klg cl:tTjdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L ljsf;sf] s|ddf slxn] cfk\mgf] g]tfnfO{ /fhfjfbL ePsf], slxn] ;/sf/jfbL ePsf], slxn] ;+zf]wgjfbL ePsf], slxn] ;Demf}tfjfbL ePsf], slxn] blIf0fklGy ePsf], cfbL, cfbL bf]ifx? nufP/ 5'§} kf6L{sf] cl:tTjsf] ?kdf cfPsf] b]lvG5 . oL x'g'sf] ljleGg sf/0fx?dWo] Pp6f sf/0f xf] o;sf] lzIff (training and orientation) . of] kf6L{ Pp6f gfd}n] pu| jfdkGyL ePsf sf/0f o:n] ;+w} cfk\mgf] sfo{stf{x?nfO{ n8fs' jgfpg] x]t'n] o:sf] lzIff klg Psbd} pu| / n8fs' jgfpg] tl/sfn] lbPsf x'G5g\ . kmn:j?k hj cfk\mgf g]tfx?n] b]zdf s|flGtsf nflu pu| sbdsf] lg0f{o lng c;Ifd x'G5g\ tj gof+lk9Lsf g]tfx? hGdG5g\ Psbd pu| gLlt / sfo{s|dx? lnP/ . -h:t} emfkf ;+3if{ b]lv clxn]sf] dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ng;Dd_ . To;}n] of] dfcf]jfbL hgo'4sf] hGd klg sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] lgdf{0f / ljsf; s|ddf lbOPsf lzIffsf] kl/0ffd:j?k ePsf] xf] -o:sf] ljsf; s|dsf] nflu k5fl8 kl/lzi6 # x]g'{xf]nf_ .g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] ;jf]{Rr g]tf :j=>L u0f]zdfg l;+xsf] g]t[Tjdf ePsf] @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng ;kmn kfg{ ;+o'Qm jfd df]rf{ u7g ePsf] lyof] h:df & j6f ljleGg jfd -sDo'lgi6_ /fhgLlts kf6L{x? / :jtGq jfdkGyLsf] ;xeflutf lyof] . To; df]rf{df lgd{n nfdfsf] }rf}yf] dxflwj]zg }, /f]lxtsf] }g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{ }, s[i0fbf; jdf{sf] }sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ }, t'lN;nfn cdfTosf] }sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ }, lji0f' axfb'/ dfgGw/sf] }sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ }, ;fxgf k|wfgsf] }sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ }, }dfS;{jfbL n]lggjfbL kf6L{ }, / :jtGq jfdkGyLsf] ?kdf >L kß/Tg t'nfw/hL ;lDdlnt lyof] . >L kß/Tg t'nfw/Ho"n] hgcfGbf]ngdf ;+o'Qm jfd df]rf{sf] nflu ;+of]hssf] -cgf}krfl/s ?kdf_ e"ldsf lgefpg' ePsf] lyof] . t/, Tof] cfGbf]ng ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLx?sf] d'lQmsf] nflu ePsf] ePtfklg / cfGbf]ngsf] cf}lrTodfly ;Dk"0f{ jfd kf6L{x?sf] ;xdlt ePtfklg cfk\mgf] /fhgLlts P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ldsf sf/0f cyjf ljleGg sf/0fjz s]xL pu| jfdkGyLx? To; ;+o'Qm jfd df]rf{df ;lDdlnt x'g ;s]g / ltgLx?n] klg };+o'Qm /fli6«o hg cfGbf]ng } sf] gfddf Pp6f 5'§} df]rf{ jgfP cfGbf]ngdf ;fy lbgsf] nflu . To; df]rf{df df]xg ljs|d l;+xsf] }dzfn ,} k|r08sf] }d;fn ,} ?knfn ljZjsdf{sf] }hgd'lv ,} zDe'/fd >]i7sf] }sDo'lgi6 lnu ,} / s[i0fbf; >]i7sf] }dfS;{jfbL, n]lggjfbL / dfcf]jfbL } kf6L{x? ;lDdlnt lyP . cfGbf]ng kZrft ;+o'Qm /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ngn] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] dfu u/]sf lyP / ;+ljwfg d;f}bf cfof]un] jgfP/ /fhfn] nfndf]x/ nufPsf] ;+ljwfgsf] lj/f]w u/] . tTkZrft, ltgLx?n] km]l/ cfGbf]ng hf/L ug]{ k|ltj4tf klg hfx]/ u/] . k|hftGqsf] k'gj{xfnLsf] Ps jif{kl5 ;j} kf6L{x? r'gfjsf] nflu ljleGg /0fgLltx? jgfpg Jo:t eP . To:t} jfd df]rf{sf s]xL kf6L{x?n] klg r'gfjdf jfd df]rf{sf] ?kdf ;+ul7t eP/ hfg'kg]{ s'/fdf h]f8 lbPsf lyP, t/ To;f] x'g ;Dej ePg . To:t} ;+o'Qm /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ngsf /fhgLlts kf6L{x?n] klg hgcfGbf]ng hf/L /fVgsf] nflu 5'§} Pp6f kf6L{ jgfpg' kg]{ s'/fdf ;xdlt e} }Pstf s]Gb|sf] } lgdf{0f u/] h:df k|r08sf] }d;fn }, ?knfnsf] }hgd'vL }, lgd{n nfdfsf] }rf}=d= } / df]xg ljs|d l;+xsf] ljb|f]xL ;d'x -cgf}krf/Ls ?kdf afa'/fd e§/fO{_ kf6L{x? ;lDdlnt lyof] . of] kf6L{n] r'gfj alx:sf/ ug]{ gLlt cjnDjg ug]{ ;f]r jgfP . t/, /fli6«o r'gfj /fhgLltsf] d"NofÍg kZrft of] kf6L{n] -!_ cfGbf]ng hf/L /fVg] / -@_ r'gfjdf ;xeflu x'g] h:tf Ps}rf]l6 b'O{j6f jf6f]df lx+8\g] /0fgLltx? ckgfP, h:n] ubf{v]/L kf6L{sf] ;+u7gdf JofkQmf cfpg ;sf];\ . To:sf] nflu Pstf s]Gb|sf] ;dfgfGt/ kf6L{ cyjf r'gfjL df]rf{ (electoral front) sf] ?kdf };+o'Qm hgdf]rf{sf] } lgdf{0f u/] h;sf] ;+of]hs cyjf cWoIfsf] ?kdf 8f=afa'/fd e§/fO{ lyP . o; hgdf]rf{df }rf}=d= }, afa'/fd e§/fO{sf] }d;fn ,} s[i0fbf;sf] }dfn]df ,} / /f]lxtsf] }dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{ } ;lDdlnt lyP . csf]{ s'/f eflj cfGbf]ngsf] lgldQ Pstf s]Gb| cy{ft d'Vo /fhgLlts kf6L{sf g]tf tyf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ e"ldut g} /flv/fVg] / ;+o'Qm hgdf]rf{sf] sfo{stf{x?nfO{ dfq r'gfjsf] nflu v'Nnf /fhgLltdf Nofpg] / r'gfjsf] nflu pDd]bjf/x? Pstf s]Gb|åf/f lgwf{l/t ug]{ /0fgLlt jgfP .v'Nnf /fhgLlt / cfGbf]ngs} s'/fdf Ps cfk;df dtleGgtf / z+sfsf] sf/0fjz of] kf6L{ nfdf] ;do;Dd df]rf{jGbLsf] ?kdf /xg c;kmn eof] . h:t} /f]lxt @)$* sf] r'gfj klxn] g} df]rf{af6 cnUu eP eg] s[i0fbf; >]i7n] r'gfj kZrft df]rf{ kl/Tofu u/] . To:t} g]t[Tjsf] xf]8jfhLsf] s|ddf cfGbf]ngs} s'/f lnP/ ;g !((! b]lv g} k|r08 / lgd{n nfdfsf] ljrdf dtleGgtf ;'? eof] . ;g !((# df lrtjgdf ePsf] /fli6«o clwj]zgn] cfGbf]ngsf] gLlt kf; u/] / ufp+af6 ;x/ 3]g]{ gLlt cjnDjg ug]{ gLlt kfl/t u/] . ;fy} To; clwj]zgaf6 k|r08nfO{ g} dxf;lrjsf] ?kdf lgjf{lrt u/] . lgjf{rgdf lgd{n nfdf k/flht ePkl5 cfGbf]ngsf] s'/fnfO{ lnP/ dtleGgtf ;'? x'g yfNof] . kl/0ffd:j?k kf6L{ b'O{ v]dfdf ljeflht eP . tTkZrft hgdf]rf{df e§/fO{n] lgd{n nfdf ;d"xsf ;b:ox?nfO{ lgZsfl;t u/] . To:kl5 !(($ sf] dWofjwL lgjf{rgtfsf Pstf s]Gb| b'O{ ;d"xdf ljeflht eof] Pp6f k|r08sf] g]t[Tjdf / csf]{ lgd{n nfdfsf] g]t[Tjdf . To:t}, Pstf s]Gb|sf] ;dfgfGt/ kf6L{sf] klg ljeflht eof] k|r08sf] Pstf s]Gb|sf] ;dfgfGt/ hgdf]rf{df afa'/fd e§/fO{n] g} g]t[Tj u/] eg] lgd{n nfdfsf] Pstf s]Gb|sf] ;dfgfGt/ hgdf]rf{sf] g]t[Tj lg/Ghg uf]ljGb j}Bn] u/] . lg/Ghg uf]ljGb j}Bsf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] hgdf]rf{n] dWofjwL r'gfjdf efu lnPsf lyP eg] afa'/fd e§/fO{sf] hgdf]rf{n] alx:sf/ u/L km]j|'j/L !((^ b]lv dfcf]jfbL hgo'4sf] gfddf cfGbf]ng xf+l+s/x]sf 5g\ . o;/L dfcf]jfbL hgo'4 z'Go (vacuum) af6 ;'? geP/ cfk\mgf] /0fgLlt cg'?k r/0fj4 ?kdf ljsf; eP/ of] r/0f;Dd cfPsf] Pp6f ?k xf] . o:n] cfk\gf] pB]Zo / /0fgLltsf] af/]df klxn] g} kf6L{sf] u7g kZrft / @)$* sf] r'gfjdf ;xeflu x'g'k"j{ :ki6 ul/;s]sf] lyof] . cyf{t of] kf6L{sf] d"n pB]Zo cfGbf]ng / r'gfjdf efu lng' eg]sf] gsf/fTds ;xeflutf xf] h:sf] d"n pB]Zo ;+;bLo k|0ffnLsf] e08fkmf]/ ug'{ xf] . o:sf] cfGbf]ngsf] klxnf] r/0f km]j|'j/L !((@ sf] cfd x8\tfn / ;bgb]lv ;8s;Dd ljleGg /fli6«o tyf hg;/f]sf/sf ljifox?nfO{ -hghLjgsf cltcfjZos s'/fx?b]lv 6gsk'/ / dxfsfnL ;GwL;Dd_ lnP/ cfjfh p7fp+b} cfPsf]nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . of] kf6L{n] s'g} klg j]nf cfGbf]ng ug{ ;Sg] ;+s]t klxn] g} ul/;s]sf] lyof] . t/ oL s'/fx?nfO{ s'g} klg /fhgLlts kf6L{x?n] ulDe/ ?kdf lnPgg\ . / o:nfO{ klg /fli6«o /fhgLltsf] d"n k|jfxdf ;dflxt u/]/ nfg' kg]{ cfjZoQmfnfO{ Wofg lbPgg\ . cGtt o:n] cfGbf]ngsf] ?k lnOxfNof] . csf]{ s'/f k|hftGq kZrft u7g ePsf s'g} klg ;/sf/x?n] hgtfsf] O{R5f cfsf+Iffx?nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ cufl8 a9]sf] eP zfob hgtfn] o; cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;fy lbg] lyPgg\ xf]nfg\ . h'g s'/f xfn;Dd ePsf tLgj6f cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgx?af6 k'li6 x'g k'u]sf] 5 . /fhgLlt zf:q ;+3n] u/]sf] Ps cg';Gwfg cg';f/ d"No j[l4, u/LjL / j]/f]huf/nfO{ /fi6«sf] d'Vo ;d:ofsf] ?kdf b]vfOPsf] 5 -vqLM !((@_, To:t} k|hftGq ;Dj4{g s]Gb|n] u/]sf] cg';Gwfgdf *& k|ltztn] /fhgLlts kf6L{x?sf] s[ofsnfkk|lt c;Gt'i6 JoQm u/]sf] 5g\ -vgfnM !((^_ eg] ;r{ g]kfnn] u/]sf] Ps cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgdf $^ k|ltztn] @)$^ ;fndf k|fKt ax'bnLo k|hftlGqs Joj:yfdf eGbf k+rfotL Joj:yfdf hghLjg /fd|f] ePsf] s'/f JoQm u/]sf] kfO{G5 -;r{ g]kfnM !(($_ . csf]{ s'/f s'n hg;+Vofsf] &! k|ltzt hghflt / blnt ;d'bfonfO{ /fli6«o d"n k|jfxdf Nofpg] k|of; ePsf] b]lv+b}g -dxh{g M @)))_ . oL ;j} s'/fx?nfO{ Wofgdf /fVg'sf] ;§f x/]s kf6L{ ;Qf k|flKtsf nflu x/]s If]qdf /fhgLlts/0f, /fhgLltdf ck/fwLs/0f, / /fhgLlts e|i6frf/df g} s]lGb|t x'g yfn] . /fhgLlts/0fn] k"/} lzIf0f ;+:yf, ;+:yfgx? / k|x/Ldf ;d]t k|efj kf/]sf 5g\ eg] /fhgLlts ck/fwLs/0f / e|i6frf/n] ubf{v/L k"/} lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf c;/ kf/L ax'bn{Lo k|hftflGqs Joj:yfdfly g} k|Zg lrGx v8f u/]sf 5g\ h:n] ubf{v]l/ hgtfdf ljt[i0ff hfUof] .csf]{ s'/f ;+ljwfgsf wf/fx? ;Qfwf/L /fhgLlts kf6L{x? s;}n] klg cIf/; kfng u/]sf] b]lv+b}g . ;j}n] cf–cfk\mgf] cg's"ntf cg';f/ kfngf u/]sf] kfOG5 . h:t}M ;+ljwfg cg';f/ s'g} klg /fhgLlts kf6L{ wfld{s, hfltut, ;f+k|bflos / If]qLo efjgfn] k|]l/t ePsf] x'g' x'+b}g . ToxL efjgf cg';f/ @)$* sf] r'gfjdf hgd'lQm kf6L{ / /fli6«o d+uf]n kf6L{nfO{ r'gfjdf efu lngaf6 al~rt ul/of] . hjls g]kfn ;befjgf kf6L{ gfdn] If]qLo gePklg Jojxf/df ;f+k|bfoLs / If]qLo efjgfn] k|]l/t 5 . lsgeg] o;n] ljb]zL efiff–lxGbL / dw];L ;d'bfo -If]qLo_ sf] jsfnt ub{5 . t/, To:nfO{ eg] r'gfjdf al~rt ul/Pg . Tof] eGbf klg lj8Djgfsf] s'/f s] 5 eg] @)%^ sf] ;+;bLo r'gfjdf ef/tLo lzj ;]gfåf/f ;+rflnt lzj ;]gf kf6L{nfO{ r'gfjdf efu lng nufOof] . hjsL @)%! sf] r'gfjdf hgdf]rf{ 6's|f ePkl5 8f=afa'/fd e§/fO{sf] hgdf]rf{nfO{ dfGotf lbOPg / lnnfd0fLsf] hgdf]rf{nfO{ dfGotf lbOof] h;sf] kl/0ffd e§/fO{sf] hgdf]rf{n] r'gfj alxisf/ u¥of] / @)%@ ;fn df3 @! ut] k|wfgd+qL z]/jxfb'/ b]pjf;dIf hgtfsf] uf+;, jf; / skf;;+u ;DjlGwt $) ;'qLo dfux? /fv]/ cfGbf]ng ug]{ k"j{ ;+s]t u/] . tL dfux?sf] af/]df kxn ug{ kmfu'g % ut];Dd ;do lbOPsf] lyof] . t/ oL dfux?sf] af/]df s'g} cfZjf;g gkfPkl5 kmfu'g ! ut]b]lv g} cfGbf]ng k|f/De u/] . km]j|'j/L !#, !((^ b]lv dO !$, @))! ;Dddf dfcf]jfbL hgo'4sf sf/0f !%^$ hgfsf] cgfxsdf Hofg uPsf] 5 . To:dWo] (%^ hgfnfO{ k|x/Ln]] df/]sf] 5 eg] ^)* hgfnfO{ dfcf]jfbLn] df/]sf 5g\ . To:t} hfltut ?kdf jfx'g, If]qL, du/, 7s'/L, sfdL al9 d/]sf 5g\ eg] k]zfut ?kdf s[ifs, /fhgLlts sfo{stf{, k|x/L / ljBfyL{ al9 ?kdf d/]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} jl9 dg]{x? ePsf] lhNnfx?df ?s'd, /f]Nkf, hfh/sf]6, uf]vf{, ;Nofg, cfbL kb{5g\ -lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf] nflu o;} sfo{kqsf] cGTodf ;+nUg tflnsf g+=! b]lv $ ;Dd / g]kfnsf] gSzf x]]g'{ xf]nf_ . dfcf]jfbLx?n] ;jeGbf al9 sf+u|];L, To;kl5 /f=k|=kf=sf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ lg;fgf agfPsf] b]lvG5 . To:kl5 pgLx?sf] egfO{ cg';f/ ;fdGtL, hflnkm6fxf, 7u, Hofgdf/f, anfTsf/L, ;'/fsL, tyf cGo ck/fwLx?nfO{ sfjf{xL ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} s[lif ljsf; a+}s, ;fgf ls;fg ljsf; cfof]hgf / u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?nfO{ pgLx? cfFvfn] klg x]g{ rfx+b}gg\ . pgLx?sf] cfly{s >f]tdf a}+sjf6 n'l6Psf], rGbfaf6 ;+sng ul/Psf] / n]leaf6 p7fOPsf] k};f g} d'Vo ?kdf /x]sf] 5 eg] cGo >f]tx? hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] b]lv+b}g . o:sf] ;+rfngdf jfx\o sDo'lgi6 kfl6{x?sf] / l/dsf] ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] s'/f k|r08sf] ln cg]i6f]nfO{ lbPsf] cGtjf{tf{af6 yfxf x'G5 -/Le'No';g/L js{/ M @)))_ . t/, sxf+–sxf+af6 k|fKt ePsf] 5 eGg] af/] eg] k|i6 u/]sf] b]lv+b}g . dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofsf d"n sf/0f M dfcf]jfbL hgo'4sf] d"n sf/0f xf] b]zsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhgLlts cj:yf . g]kfnsf] cy{–/fhgLlts sf/0fn] ubf{ k|f= 8]le8 ;]8fgn] klxn] g} r]tfjgL lbO;s]sf] 5 -;]8fg M !(*@_ . / pxf+n] of] cfGbf]ng s'g} cgf}7f] s'/f gePsf] ljrf/ O{G6/g]6 sGkm/]G;df JoQm ug'{ePsf] 5 . olb of] hgo'4df tL hgtfx?n] ;dy{g gu/]klg s'g} g s'g} hgo'4 hlGdxfN5 -;]8fg M @))!_ . To:t} k|f= cfG8\o|' lgS;gn] klg ;g !((# df g} g]kfnsf] dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ngsf] af/]df eljiojf0fL ul/;Sg' ePsf] 5 / pxf+sf] cg';f/ dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ngsf] eljio g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] ;/sf/df lge{/ ub{5 ls o;n] g]kfnsf] u/LjL pGd'ngsf] -cyf{t g]kfnLx?sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhgLlts cj:yfsf] ljsf; / b]zsf] rf}tlkm{ ljsf;_ nflu slQsf] ;Ifd x'g ;Sb5 -lgS;g M !((@_ . csf]{ ;fk g]kfnåf/f k|sflzt }zflGtsf] vf]hL } k':tsdf /x]sf @( j6f n]vx?dWo] clwsf+zn] of] ;d:ofsf] d"n sf/0f o;}nfO{ cf+}NofPsf] 5 -zflGtsf] vf]hL M @)))_ . To:t}, hgj/L @% b]lv km]j|'j/L !, @))! df xfj{8{ :s'n ckm x]Nyn] dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofsf] af/]df cGt/f{li6«o :t/df O{G6/g]6 sGkm/]G; u/]sf] lyof] . To; uf]i7Ldf *) hgf b]zL ljb]zL j'l4lhjLx?n] efu lnPsf]df clwsf+zn] of] ;d:of ;'? x'g'sf] sf/0f b]zsf] ljBdfg ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhgLlts cj:yfnfO{ g} cf}+NofPsf 5g\ . To:sf] cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] k|ltj]bgsf] Ps c+z o; k|sf/ 5 M
To:t} lk6/ lnDSo'sf]sf] ljrf/ klg g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df nfu' x'G5 . h:t} M "if poverty, oppression and government neglect gets unbearable, the people have a choice either to take up arms or to move elesewhere. It is most likely that they will take up arms because usually such people have nowhere to go." (Human Right Year Book: 2001) dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;/sf/n] u/]sf] k|of;x? M;/sf/n] hgtfnfO{ dfcf]jfbLaf6 ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{ g;s]sf] eGg] cf/f]k ljleGg If]qaf6 nufPsf] b]lvG5 . t/, ;/sf/ eg] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;dft]/ sfjf{xL ug]{ sfg"g gePsf] s'/f j]nfj]nfdf JoQm u/]sf] b]lvG5 . dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofsf] af/]df ;/sf/sf] ;f]r g} leGb} ePsf sf/0f cyf{t ;'?b]lv g} o;nfO{ cft+ssf/Lsf] ?kdf lnP/ ToxL cg';f/ sfjf{xL ug]{ ;f]r /fv]sf sf/0f ;'?b]lv g} ;/sf/n] bdgsf/L gLlt lnP/ sfjf{xL rnfPsf] b]lvG5 . h'g s'/f /f]ldcf] ck/];g, ;r{ ck/];g, lsnf] ;]/f 6" ck/];g, b]lv lnP/ ;/sf/n] cft+ssf/L ljw]os -c;kmn k|of;_, cw{–;]gf kl/rfng ug]{ ljw]os tyf Plss[t ljsf; Pj+ ;]gf kl/rfng ug]{ ;DjwL ljw]os ;d]tn] k|i6 x'G5 . To:t} }dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]x } ;DjGwL ljifodf ljBfjfl/lw ul//x]sf P;=kL= >L r'8f axf8'/ >]i7nfO{ kbf]Gglt ug'{sf] ;§f :kli6s/0f dfUg' -o:tf] vfn] cWoog k|x/L h:tf] ;+:yfdf jt{dfg ;dosf] nflu dfq geP/ eljios} nflu klg cltcfjZos x'G5 / o:sf] nflu ;/sf/n] :kli6s/0f xf]Og j? c? k|x/Lx?nfO{ ;d]t xf};nf a9f+pb} cWoog ug{sf] nflu klZrd]nL ljZjljBfnox?df k7fpg' kb{5_ / xfn;fn} sflGtk'/ b}lgssf ;Dkfbsx?nfO{ lu/kmtf/ ug'{n] klg bdgsf/L gLltsf] yk k'li6 ub{5 . / j]nf j]nfdf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ sfjf{xL ug]{ sfg"g gePsf] / k|x/LnfO{ klg cTofw'lgs xftxltof/sf] cfjZos k/]sf] s'/f k|x/L k|d'vaf6 JoQm ePsf sf/0f uPsf] ;fn @)%& df k|x/Ltkm{ cTolws ?kdf ah]6 a9fpg'sf] ;fy} cw{–;}lgs ;]gf ;+rfng ug]{ ljw]os klg NofPsf] lyof] . To:t} dfcf]jfbL cWoog sfo{bn Pj+ ljleGg If]qx?af6 jftf{ / Plss[t ljsf; kl/of]hgf (package programme) sf] s'/fx? cfPsf] sf/0f }u0f]zdfg zfGtL of]hgf } tyf }u/Ljsf] nflu laZj]Zj/ k|;fb sf]O/fnf sfo{s|d }cg'?k klg ah]6sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] eg] k"j{ k|wfgd+qL z]/jxfb'/ b]pjfsf] ;dob]lv jt{dfg k|wfgd+qL lu/Lhf k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] ;do;Dd ljleGg jftf{–6f]nL / ;'emfj ;ldltx?sf] u7g u/L jftf{sf] k|of; klg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/, tL ;j} gf6sLo ?kdf dfq l;ldt /XØf] . cGtt, kf+rsl6of, b'g} x'+b} ?s'dsf]6;Dd cfp+bfv]l/ k|x/Lsf] tkm{af6 dfcf]jfbL ;d:of k|x/Ln] ;dfwfg ug{ g;Sg] JoQm u/]kl5 ;/sf/ ;]gf k|of]u ug]{ zf]rtkm{ jfWo g} x'g' k¥of] . h'g k|of]hgsf] nflu NofOPsf] ljw]os ;+;b grNg'sf sf/0f c;kmn e} k'gM To:sf] k|of; e}/x]sf] b]lvG5 . h:sf] cfnf]rgf ;j{q e}/x]sf] 5 . o;/L ;/sf/ k"0f{ ?kn] c;kmn ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;f] x'g'sf] d'Vo sf/0f ;d:ofsf] ;xL klxrfg gx'g', ljleGg kf6L{x?sf] ljleGg b[li6sf]0f tyf c;xdlt, kf6L{ leqsf] cGt/snx, cl:y/ ;/sf/, ;'zf;g gx'g', cfbL x'g\ .dfcf]jfbL ;d:of a9\g' / hg;dy{g k|fKt ug'{sf sf/0fx? M k|hftGq k|flKt kZrft hgtfn] /fv]sf pRr cfsf+Iffx?nfO{ s'g} klg ;/sf/n] Wofg lbg g;Sg', /fhgLltdf ck/fwLs/0f j9\g', e|i6frf/ / /fhgLlts/0f clt x'g', j]/f]huf/L j9\g', c;'/Iff j9\g', dx+uL j9\g', lzIff / Zjf:ydf lghLs/0f j9\g' -lzIffdf lghLs/0f j9\b} hfg'sf sf/0f ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfn] ;:tf] / :t/Lo lzIff gkfpg'sf ;fy} dfWolds tx;Dd lgz'Ns lzIffsf] gLlt k"0f{ ?kdf c;kmn ePsf 5g\ / z'Ns eg]/ glnO{sg ;xof]usf] ?kdf Psd'i6 lnPsf] b]lvG5 h:sf] dfcf]jfbLx?af6 Jofks lj/f]w u/]/ cfPsf 5g\ / hg;dy{g klg kfPsf 5g\ . To:t} x/]s ufp+df Zjf:y ;]jf k'¥ofpg] ;/sf/sf] gLlt /x] klg k"0f{ c;kmn e} sf7df08f}d} klg ;:tf], ;'ne / :t/Lo Zjf:y ;]jf kfpg 5f8]sf 5g\_, kf6L{x?df cGt/snx j9\g'', kf6L{x?ljr s'g} klg /fli6«o ;jfnsf ljifox?df ;xdlt gx'g', ;/sf/ cl:y/ x'g', ljleGg kf6L{x?n] dfcf]jfbLx?nfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fdf km/s x'g'sf ;fy} cfk\mgf] cg's"n k|of]u ug'{, ;d:ofsf] klxrfg / ;dfwfgsf] nflu p7fOPsf unt sbdx?, dfcf]jfbL If]qx?df k|x/Lsf] r/d HofbtL j9\g' h:t} dfcf]jfbLsf] z+sfdf ;dfltPsfx?nfO{ cdfgjLP tl/sfn] oftgf lbg', s;}nfO{ lx/f;td} dfl/g', ltgLx?nfO{ e'm¶f d'2f nufpg', ltgLx?sf] ;Dklt vf]l;g', jnfTsf/ Pj+ ;fd"lxs jnfTsf/ j9\g' Tof] klg k'ln; rf}sLd}, h:t} lgjf{rg u/fpg uPsf k|x/Lsf] 8k\mkmfn] Ps} lbgdf $& hgf dlxnfx?nfO{ jnfTsf/ ug'{ / uh'nsf OG:k]S6/ /fh]Gb| clwsf/L / ;=OG:k]S6/ eG8f/Ln] cfdf / 5f]/L b'j}nfO{ k'ln; rf}sLd} Ps} 7fpFdf /fv]/ dlxgf}+ lbg;Dd jnfTsf/ ug'{ -hgfb]z ;]K6]Dj/ @*, !((( / ;]K6]Dj/ !(, @)))_, blnt plTkl8t / hghftLsf] cfjfhnfO{ bjfpg', ;'s'Djf;L / sd}ofx?sf] ;d:of oyfjt sfod} /xg', cflb . ;du|df eGg] xf] eg] s'zf;g g} dfcf]jfbL a9\g' / hg;dy{g k|fKt ug'{sf d'Vo sf/0fx? x'g\ . dfcf]jfbL hgo'4;+u blnt / hghftLx?sf] ;DjGw Mblnt / hghfltx?sf] ;+VofnfO{ Ps} 7f+pdf /fVbf s'n hg;+Vofsf] em08} &! k|ltzt x'G5 . t/, tL &! k|ltzt hgtfx? b]zsf] /fli6«o d"n k|jfxdf z'Go g} b]lvG5 . @)) jif{;Dd lyrf]ldrf]df j;]sf tL hfltx?n] klg k|hftGq k|flKtsf nflu 7"nf] of]ubfg u/]sf lyP . t/, k|hftGq k|flKt kZrft ;j eGbf al9 ck|hftGq ltgLx?nfO{ g} eof] . gof+ ;+ljwfgn] ltgLx?sf] wd{, efiff / ;+:s[ltsf ;jfnx?nfO{ ltnfGhln g} lbP . ;j{ k|yd t k|hftGq cfPkl5 cGtl/d ;/sf/n] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIffsf] kf7\os|ddf g]kfnL ljifo clgjfo{ ul//fv]sf]df To;nfO{ xtfP/ hghfltx?sf] cfjfhnfO{ s]xL xb\;Dd sb/ u/]sf] b]lvof] . t/ r'8fgfy e§/fO{sf] l/6sf] cfwf/df ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] g]kfnL ljifonfO{ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIffsf] kf7\\os|ddf km]/L clgjfo{ ug]{ cfb]z @)%@ ;fndf lbof] . To; ljifodf s'g} klg /fhgLlts kf6L{ jf j'l4lhjLx?n] cfjfh p7fPsf] b]lvPg . csf]{tkm{ tL hfltx?nfO{ ljleGg /fhgLlts kf6L{x?n] r'gfj /fhgLltdf cf–cfkm\gf] kmfObfsf] nflu k|of]u u/]sf] b]lvG5 . h:t} !((& sf] :yfgLo r'gfjdf olb Pdfn]n] lht]sf] v08df hghfltx?sf] :yfgLo efiffnfO{ ;/sf/sf] :yfgLo lgsfox?df k|of]u ug{ lbg] elg r'gfjdf k|ltj4tf hfx]/ u/] / ;f]xL cg';f/ sf7df08f}, eQmk'/, nlntk'/ / sLlt{k'/ gu/kflnsfx?df g]jf/L, wg'iff lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, hgsk'/ / /fhlj/fh gu/kfnLsfx?df d}ynL efiffnfO{ klg sfdsfhsf] efiffsf] ?kdf k|of]u u/]/ nf]slk|otf xfl;n ug{] k|of; u/] . t/, s]xL jfx'gx?sf] rfnjfhL cg'?k ;jf]{Rrdf lbPsf] l/6 cg';f/ r}q @)%$ df ;jf]{Rrn] Pp6f cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/]/ tL :yfgLo efiffx? k|of]u ug{ jGb]h nufO{ lbP . h:nfO{ ;j} hghfltx?n] lj/f]w u/] . t/, To:df Pdfn]n] Ps zJb klg jf]n]g . hghfltx?n] lj/f]w :j?k uPsf] ;fndf Ps lbg g]kfn jGb sfo{s|d klg u/] . g]kfn jGb sfo{s|dsf] h'n';df ;xeflux?nfO{ ;fj{hgLs ck/fw P]g cGtu{t d'2f rnfP . To:t} To;sf] lj/f]w :j?k ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] lg0f{o u/]sf] lbgnfO{ x/]s jif{ sfnf] lbj;sf] ?kdf dgfpg] / eflifs clwsf/ k|fKt geP;Dd cfGbf]ng hf/L /fVg] eflifs cfGbf]ng ;ldltn] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . hghfltx?sf] cfGbf]ngnfO{ dfcf]jfbL nufot s]xL jfd36sx?n] klg ;dy{g ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . To:t} clxn]sf] hgu0fgfdf x/]s hghfltn] cf–cfkm\gf] hflt, efiff / wd{sf] af/]df /fd|f];+u tYofÍ lbg nufpgsf] nflu cf–cfk\mgf] hftLo ;dfhx?df uf]i7L, lzIff Pj+ tflndx? k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L hghfltx? Ps lx;fjn] cfGbf]ngs} ?kdf cufl8 a9]/ cfO{/x]sf 5g\ . cj cfP/ pgLx? cem Ps sbd cufl8 a9]/ efiffsf] cfwf/df hftLo :jzf;gsf] dfu ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . hghfltx? cfk''mnfO{ ;Qfwf/L jfx'gx?n] /fli6«o d"n k|jfxdf lgof]lht 9+un] k5fl8 kfb}{ nlu/fv]sf] ifboGq yfGb5g\ eg] ltgLx?sf] cfjfhnfO{ ;Qfwf/Lx?n] ;f+k|bfoLs, ljvGbgjfbL / jflx/af6 ;+rflnt eg]/ bf]if nufpg klg kl5 k/]gg\ . hjls dfcf]jfbLn] /fv]sf] $) ;'qLo dfux?df hghfltx?sf] ;Dk"0f{ dfux? ;dfj]z 5g\ . csf]{ s'/f wfdL k|ltj]bg cg';f/ dfcf]jfbL If]qx?df k|x/Laf6 dfl/Psfx?df al9 du/x? k/]sf sf/0f al9 du/x? dfcf]jfbL ePsf] b]lvG5 . To:t} blnt ju{sf o'jfx? al9 dfqfdf dfcf]jfbL ;]gfdf egf{ ePsf 5g\ eGg] klg ;'lgG5 . oL ofjt sf/0fx?n] ubf{v]/L blnt / hghfltx? grfx+bf grfx+b} klg cyf{t ck|ToIf ?kdf dfcf]jfbLk|lt e'msfj j9\g] ;+efjgf al9 b]lvG5 . h'g s'/f 8f=e§rgsf] "possible ethnic insurgency in Nepal" af6 klg a'e\mg ;lsG5 -e§rgM @)))_ . To:sf/0f, k|hftGq b]zsf clwsf+z hgtf hf] blnt, plTkl8t / hghfltx? 5g\ ltgLx?sf] nflu klg x'g' k¥of], clg dfq ltgLx?n] hgo'4nfO{ lt/:sf/ u/]/ k|hftGqk|lt k"0f{?kdf cfTd;fy u/]/ cufl8 a9\5g\ .dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofsf] af/]df /fhgLlts kf6L{x?sf] e"ldsf M/fhgLlts kf6L{x?sf] s'/f ubf{ ;a}eGbf klxn] g]kfnL sf+u|]; g} cfp+5 lsgeg] k|hftGq k|flKtkl5 ;jeGbf al9 ;Qfdf a:g] kf6L{ ePsf] gftfn] . To:sf/0f, /fi6«nfO{ cufl8 xf+Sg] s'/fdf o;sf] e"ldsf cy{k"0f{ x'g' kb{5 . To:sf/0f, dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ ;DjGwdf klg o;sf] uxg e"ldsf x'g' kb{5 . dfcf]jfbL ;d:of sf+u]|; ;/sf/sf] ;dodf ;'? ePsf] xf] . ;'?b]lv g} g]kfnL sf+u|];n] kf6L{ut ?kdf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ cft+ssf/Lsf] ;+1f lbP/ o:nfO{ zlQm k|of]uaf6 g} ;dfwfg ug'{ kb{5 eGg] wf/0ff /fVb} cfPsf] 5 . t/, kf6L{s} ljleGg ;b:ox?n] ljleGg dt hfx]/ u/]sf] klg b]lvG5 . h:t}, of] ;d:of cft+ssf/L geP/ /fhg}lts ePsf] sf/0f o;nfO{ jftf{af6 ;dfwfg ug'{ kb{5 eGg]x? klg 5g\ eg] s;}n] o;sf] g]tf e]6\g' k¥of]eg] oft Clifs]if zfxsf] 3/df hfg' kb{5 oft b/jf/df hfg' kb{5 eg]/ JoQm ug]{x? klg kfO{of] . csf]{lt/, dfcf]jfbL;+u le8\gsf] nflu t?0f bnnfO{ nufpg' kb{5 klg eg] t/ dfcf]jfbL If]qsf t?0f bnsf cWoIfnfO{ df/]kl5 of] s'/f To;} ;]nfof] . To;kl5 hgtf cfkm} ;'/Iff bn jgfP/ cfkm} ;'/Iff ug'{ kb{5 eGg yfn] eg] csf]{lt/ o:sf] ;dfwfg gful/s ;dfhn] ug{' kb{5 eg]/ klg eg] . @)%^ ;fnsf] r'gfjdf o:n] vf; d'2f g} dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ s'/fnfO{ jgfPsf] lyof] . o;/L of] kf6L{df of] ;d:ofsf] af/]df wf/0ff :ki6 gePsf] b]lvG5 . g]skf Pdfn] kf6L{n] o; ;d:ofnfO{ ;'?df Tolt uxg ?kdf lnPsf] b]lv+b}g . of] dfldnfdf ;'?df of] kf6L{ t6i7 /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To:sf/0f o;n] !((& sf] :yfgLo r'gfjdf r'gfj cfk\mgf] kIfdf ptfg{ ;kmn eP . t/, tTkZrft of] kf6L{ klg dfcf]jfbLx?nfO{ cf+tssf/L eGgdf kl5 k/]g, h'g wfdL cfof]usf] l/kf]6{af6 yfxf x'G5 . t}klg o:n] of] ;d:of jftf{af6} ;dfwfg ug'{ kb{5 eGg]df g} c8fg lnP/ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . tfklg /fli6«o–cGt/f{li6«o sf/0fx?n] ubf{ xf]nf clxn] cfP/ dfcf]jfbLx?k|lt lgs} cfs|fTds b]lvG5, h:t} k"j{ ;f+;b s[i0fuf]kfn >]i7n] olb Pdfn]n] rfXof] eg] k|r08 / afa'/fdnfO{ sf7df08f}d}} ckx/0f ug{ ;S5f}+ eg]/ JoQm u/]sf] wf/0ffaf6 k|i6 x'G5 . t/ klg of] kf6L{ of] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] nflu s] s;/L cufl8 hfg ;lsG5 eg]/ s'g} klg c? /fhgLlts kf6L{x?;+u ;xdltdf uPsf] b]lv+b}g . To:t} c? ;fgf /fhgLlts kf6L{x? klg cf–cfk\mgf] cg's"n o:nfO{ k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 / w]/}h;]fn] of] ;d:of jftf{af6 ;dfwfg ug'{ kb{5 eg]sf 5g\ . gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf Mdfcf]jfbL hgo'4 ;'? otf ;/sf/, dfcf]jfbL / gSsnL dfcf]jfbLsf sf/0f hghLjg c:tJo:t, cft+s / qf;o'Qm jftfj/0f >[hgf x'g'sf ;fy} ljsf;df Hofb} g/fd|f]l;t k|efj k/]sf] 5 eg] e|i6frf/ / sldzgtGqdf klg ck|ToIf ?kdf 6]jf g} k'Ug uPsf] b]lvG5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] xgg\ x'g'sf ;fy} xTof / lx+;f Hofb} a9]sf] / ;/sf/ o; dfldnfdf k"0f{ c;kmn ePsf]n] sd;]sd xTof / lx+;f /f]Sgsf] nflu eP klg gful/s ;dfhn] e"ldsf v]Ng' k¥of] eg]/ x/]s If]qaf6 cfjfh cfpg yfn]sf] 5 . t/, gful/s ;dfh s;/L u7g x'G5, s;n] o;sf] u7g u5{, o;sf] g]t[Tjsf] ;'?jf6 s;n] ug]{ eGg] af/] s;}n] 7f]s]/ eGg ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . of] t vfln }lj/fnf]sf] 3f+6Ldf 306L e'mG8\ofpg] } h:tf] dfq eof] . csf]{ ulDe/ k|Zg s] 5 eg] olb ;f+lRrs} gful/s ;dfhn] dfcf]jfbL cft+s /f]Sgsf] nflu e"ldsf v]Ng] xf] eg] Tof] s;sf] ;dy{gsf] nflu / s] k|flKtsf nflu x'G5 < To;f] ubf{ s] dgk/LtGqnfO{ 6]jf t k'Ug hf+b}g < s] To;f] ubf{ hfb' e} b]zdf ;'zf;g x'G5, b]zsf] rf}tlkm{ ljsf; x'G5 < To;}n] g} xf]nf hgtfn] dfcf]jfbL grfx+bf grfx+b} klg dfcf]jfbL k|lt df}g x'g' / To;f] x'+bf ck|ToIf ?kdf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;dy{g a9\g u}/x]sf] b]lvg' . h'g s'/f xfn;fn} lxdfn vj/ klqsfn] u/]sf] cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgaf6 klg k|i6 x'G5 -lxdfn M@))!_ . hxf+;Dd hgtfsf] clwsf/ / b]z ljsf;sf] ;jfn 5 olb gful/s ;dfhn] ;f+Rr} g} e"ldsf v]Ng yfNof] eg] Tof] k"0f{ k|hftGqsf] k|of]usf] nflu dfq x'g ;S5 g ls dfcf]jfbL lj?4 . olb To;f] eof] eg] s] ;f+Rr} ;j} kf6L{x?nfO{ of] s'/f :jLsf/of]Uo xf]nf < dfcf]jfbL hgo'4sf] eljio / o;sf] kl/0ffd M clxn]sf] o'u eg]sf] k|hftflGqs o'u xf] . k|hftflGqs Joj:yfdf s'g} klg lsl;dsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg k|hftflGqs tl/sfn] ug{ ;lsG5 / cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]znfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ klg clxn]sf] ;dodf dfcf]jfb ;+ej 5}g . t/, To;f] eGb}df olb s'g} klg hgo'4 hgtfsf] d'lQmsf] nflu / ljsf;sf] nflu x'G5 eg] Tof] c;Dej eGg] x'+b}g . h'g s'/f dfly pNn]lvt s]xL ljåfgx?sf] egfO{af6 k|i6 x'G5 . t/ g]kfnsf] dfcf]jfbL hgo'4 cfkm}df :ki6 5}g . To;sf/0f, j'l4lhjLx?af6 o;sf] ;+rfng / eljiosf] af/]df k|Zg ul//fv]sf5g\ . t/, PskN6 hgo'4 ;'? ePkl5 Tof] /f]lsg sl7g x'G5 hj;Dd hgtfsf ;jfnsf s'/fx?nfO{ k|hftflGqs 9+uaf6 ;dfwfg ul/+b}g . csf]{ s'/f xfdLn] lj;{g' gx'g] s'/f s] xf] eg] g]kfnsf] sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld . sy+sbflrt clxn]sf] g]tfx?n] ;Demf}tf ul/xfn] tfklg of] hgo'4 /f]lsg]jfnf 5}g . lsgeg] csf]{n] g]t[Tj lnP/ ;+rfng ug]{5 . To;f] ePsf] x'gfn] of] ;d:of /fhgLlts tj/n] k|hftflGqs tj/n] ;dfwfg ul/Pg eg] b]zdf u[x o'4 (civil war) x'g] ;Defjgf al9 b]lvG5 .dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox? M dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofsf] ;Gbe{df Zofd >]i7hLsf] egfO{ ;fy{s b]lvG5, }dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]x g t /fHo lx+;fåf/f ;fDo kfg'{ ;+ej 5, g jftf{åf/f g} . = = = jftf{ zflGtsf] nflu ;xfos ;fwg dfq x'g ;S5 . ;f/df lr/:yfoL zflGt / dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xsf] ;dfwfg t ljb|f]x g} cfjZos / c;fGble{s x'g] kl/l:ylt ;[hgf u/]/ dfq Nofpg ;+ej 5 . } -Zofd >]i7 M @)))_ hj;Dd ljb|f]x g} c;fGble{s x'g] jftfj/0f agfpg] s'/f 5 To:sf] nflu xfd|f] /fhgLlts Joj:yfdf s]xL q'6Lx? 5g\ . hj;Dd tL q'6Lx? x6fpg] k|of; ul/+b}g, hj;Dd xfd|f] /fhgLlts Joj:yf k"0f{ k|hftflGqs jgfO{b}g tj;Dd Tof] ;Dej g} x'+b}g . To;f] ug{] lbzfdf xfd|f] ;+ljwfgsf] s]xL k|fjwfgx? g} afws ag]sf 5g\ . k|hftflGqs Joj:yfdf ;+ljwfgsf s'g} klg k|fjwfgx? ckl/jt{gLo eGg] x'+b}g . lsgeg] ;+ljwfg eg]sf] hgtfsf] nflu xf] . ha hgtfsf clwsf/sf s'/fx?nfO{ ;+ljwfgn] ;d]6g ;Qm}g eg] Tof] ;+ljwfg oyfy{df k|hftflGqs x'g ;SQm}g . xfd|f] ;+ljwfgn] s"n hg;+Vofsf] &! k|ltzt blnt / hghfltx?sf] cfjfhnfO{ s'l07t u/]sf] 5 . csf]{ s'/f xfd|f] /fhgLlts Joj:yf g} e|i6frf/sf] d'Vo sf/0f ePsf] 5 . To:sf] d'Vo s]Gb|ljGb' g} ;+ljwfg ePsf] 5 cyf{t ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] r'gfj k|0ffnL . /fhgLlts kf6L{ ;+rfng / r'gfjsf] nflu k};f rflxG5 . To:sf] nflu e|i6frf/ ug}{kb{5, s;}n] o:nfO{ dfgf];\ of gdfgf]; of] ;To xf] . of] s'/f wldhf sf08, Pn=;L= sf08, b]lv r]h Pc/, rfO{gf ;fpy j]i6x'+b} nfp8f;Ddn] k'li6 ub{5, c? ;fgf ltgf clgoldtfsf] s'/} 5f]8f}+ . clxn] cfP/ ;j} /fhgLlts kf6L{x? lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf s]xL ;'wf/ ul/g'k5{ egL cfjfh p7fO/x]sf 5g\ . To:sf/0f, clxn] cfP/ lsg ;fl+Rrs} k|hftflGqs k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; gug]{ < e|i6frf/nfO{ k|>o gldNg] lsl;dsf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; lsg gug]{ < lsg &! k|ltzt blnt tyf hghfltx?sf] cfjfhnfO{ ;d]6g] vfnsf] s'/fx? ;+ljwfgdf g/fVg] < To:sf] nflu ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg dfq xf]O{g, ;+ljwfg g} k]ml/ PskN6 n]Vg' k/] klg ;+ljwfg ;efdfkm{t lsg gn]Vg] < olb o;f] eof] eg] dfcf]jfbL ;d:of To;} ljnfP/ hfg]5 . ;+ljwfg ;ef eGb}df of] dfcf]jfbLsf] ljrf/ wf/fdf cfwf/Lt xf]Og lsgeg] of] s'/f ;jeGbf klxn] g]kfnL sf+u|];n] p7fPsf] xf] . csf]{ s'/f ;+ljwfg ;efdfkm{t ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg jf k'gn{]vg ug]{ eGb}df jt{dfg Joj:yf e+u ug'{ kb{5 eGg] ;jfn x'+b}g . o:sf] nflu s'g} lglZrt ;dosf] nflu ;j{bnLo ;/sf/ u7g u/]/ klg ug{ ;lsG5 . csf]{ s'/f ;j} hgtfsf] ;dfg clwsf/sf] nflu, /fhgLlts Joj:yf al9 eGbf al9 k|hftflGqs / al9 eGbf al9 e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f x'g] Joj:yfsf] ljsf;sf] nflu xfdLn] :jL6\hnf{08, lg8/nf08 / hd{gLsf] /fd|f]–/fd|f] s'/fx? lng ;lsG5f}+ . olb o;f] ug{ ;lsof] eg] dfcf]jfbL hgo'4 h/}af6 ;dfKt x'g] dfq xf]O{g dfcf]jfbLx? klg gfsn] 6]s]/ of] Joj:yfdf ;dy{g u/]/ cfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . lgisif{ M clxn] b]zdf dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofsf sf/0f Psbd cft+s, qf;4L / hghLjg c:tJo:t x'g'sf ;fy} /fi6« lgdf{0fdf 7"nf] ;d:of e}/x]sf] 5 . o:sf] d'Vo sf/0f xf] ;+j}wfgLs q'l6 . To:kl5 s'zf;g / g]tfx?sf] dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofdf ;xdlt gx'g' dfq xf]Og /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] ;Gbe{df lbzfjf]w g} gx'g' xf] . clxn]sf] xfd|f] Joj:yfdf k|hftGq eg]sf] "for the party, by the party and of the party" e}/fv]sf] 5 . To:sf/0f, hj;Dd xfdLn] k|hftGqsf] d"n ;f/ "for the people, by the people and of the people" xfd|f] Joj:yfdf Jojxfl/s ?kdf ?kfGt/0f ug{ ;ls+b}g tj;Dd xfdLn] lr/:yfoL zflGtsf] sNkgf gu/] x'G5 . To:sf] nflu dfly pNn]v u/] cg';f/ ;Dk"0f{ hgtfsf] cfjfhnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L ;+ljwfgsf] k'gn{]vg k]ml/ PskN6 ug}{kb{5 .;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?
6]jn g+=! dfcf]jfbL hgo'4df d/]sfx? -km]j'|j/L !#, !((^ b]lv d] !$, @))! ;Dd_
>f]t M dfgjclwsf/ jif{ k':ts / 8s'd]G6];g zfvf, cgf}krfl/s If]q ;]jf s]Gb| -OG;]s_, sf7df08f}, @))!= 6]jn g+=@ dfcf]jfbL hgo'4df d/]sfx? k]zfut ?kdf -km]j'|j/L !#, !((^ b]lv d] !$, @))! ;Dd_
>f]t M dfgjclwsf/ jif{ k':ts / 8s'd]G6];g zfvf, cgf}krfl/s If]q ;]jf s]Gb| -OG;]s_, sf7df08f}, @))!=
6]jn g+=# dfcf]jfbL hgo'4df d]/sfx? hfltut ?kdf -km]j'|j/L !#, !((^ b]lv d] !$, @))! ;Dd_
>f]t M dfgjclwsf/ jif{ k':ts / 8s'd]G6];g zfvf, cgf}krfl/s If]q ;]jf s]Gb| -OG;]s_, sf7df08f}, @))!=
6]jn g+=$ dfcf]jfbL hgo'4df d/]sfx? lhNnfut ?kdf -km]j'|j/L !#, !((^ b]lv d] !$, @))! ;Dd_
>f]t M dfgjclwsf/ jif{ k':ts / 8s'd]G6];g zfvf, cgf}krfl/s If]q ;]jf s]Gb| -OG;]s_, sf7df08f}, @))!=
;+=h=df]=g]kfnn] @)%@ df3 @! ut] k|=d+=;dIf k]z u/LPsf $) ;"qLo dfux? s= /fli6«otf;+u ;DalGwt dfux? != ;g\ !(%) sf] g]kfn–ef/t ;lGw nufot ;Dk"0f{ c;dfg ;lGw, ;Demf}tfx? vf/]h ul/g'k5{ . @= /fi6«3ftL 6gsk'/ ;Demf}tfnfO{ 9fs5f]k ug{ / g]kfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ hn;Dkbfdfly ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbnfO{ Psflwsf/ ;'Dkg @)%@ df3 !% ut] g]kfn / ef/t ;/sf/aLr ;DkGg slyt PsLs[t dxfsfnL ;lGw cem} a9L /fi6«3ftL / bL3{sfnLg b[li6sf]0fn] a9L vt/gfs ePsf]n] pQm ;lGw tTsfn vf/]h ul/g'k5{ . #= g]kfn–ef/t v'nf ;ldfgf lgolGqt / jojl:yt ul/g' k5{ . g]kfnleq ef/tLo gDa/ Kn]6sf uf8Lx? rnfpg tTsfn /f]s nufpg'k5{ . $= uf]/vf etL{ s]Gb| /2 ul/g' k5{ / g]kfnLx?nfO{ :jb]zleq} ;Ddfghgs /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ . %= g]kfnleq ljljw If]qdf sfdsf] lglDt :jb]zL sfdbf/x?nfo{ g} k|>o lbOg'k5{ / ljz]if cj:yfdf ljbzL sfdbf/x?nfO{ sfddf nufpg' kbf{ æjs{ kld{6Æ k|yf nfu" ul/g'k5{ . ^= g]kfnsf] pBf]uwGbf, Jofkf/ / ljQLo If]qdf ljbzL Psflwsf/ k"+hLsf] cflwkTo cGTo ul/g'k5{ . &= cfTdlge{/ /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] ljsf; x'g] u/L eG;f/ gLlt to / nfu' ul/g'k5{ . *= ;fd|fHojfbL tyf ly:tf/jfbL ;f+:s[lts k|b"if0f / cltqmd0fsf] cGTo ul/g'k5{ . b]zleq 5f8f lxGbL l;g]df, lel8cf] / kqklqsfx?sf] cfoft / ljQ/0fdf t'?Gt /f]s nufpg'k5{ . (= Pg=hL=cf]=÷cfO{=Pg=hL=cf]= cfbLsf] gfp+df b]zleq ;fd|fHojfbL÷lj:tf/jfbL 3";k}7sf] cGTo ul/g'k5{ . v= hgtGq;+u ;DalGwt dfux? !)= hgu0ftGqfTds Joj:yf :yfkgfsf] lglDt r'lgPsf hgtfsf k|ltlglwx?åf/f gof+ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ul/g'k5{ . !!= /fhf / /fhkl/jf/sf ;j} ljz]ifflwsf/ cGTo ul/g'k5{ . !@= ;]gf, k|x/L, k|zf;g k"0f{ ?kn] hgtfsf] lgoGq0fdf x'g'k5{ . !#= ;'/Iff P]g nufPtsf ;a} bdgsf/L P]gx? vf/]h ul/g'k5{ . !$= /fhgLlts k|ltzf]wsf sf/0fn] e'mÝf d'2fdf km;fOPsf ?s'd, /f]Nkf, hfh/sf]6, uf]/vf, sfe|], l;Gw'kfNrf]s, l;Gw'nL, wg'iff, /fd]5fk nufotsf lhNnfx?df ;Dk"0f{ aGbLx? tTsfn l/xf ul/g'k5{ / ;a} e'mÝf d'2fx? vf/]h ul/g'k5{ . !%= lhNnf–lhNnfdf eO{/x]sf] ;z:q k|x/L ck/]zg, bdg / /fHo cft+s t'?Gt aGb ul/g'k5{ . !^= ljleGg ;dodf k'ln; lx/f;taf6 a]kQf kfl/Psf lblnk rf}w/L, e"jg yfkfdu/, k|efs/ ;'j]bL nufotsf JolQmx?sf] af/]df lgikIf 5fgjLg u/L ck/fwLx?nfO{ s8f sfjf{xL ul/g'k5{ / kLl8t kl/jf/nfO{ plrt Ifltk"lt{ ul/g'k5{ . !&= hgcfGbf]ngsf] qmddf dfl/Psfx?nfO{ zxLb 3fif0ff ul/g'k5{, zxLbsf kl/jf/ tyf 3fOt] / ckfËx?nfO{ plrt Ifltk"lt{ lbOg'k5{ / xTof/fx?dfly s8f sfjf{xL ul/g'k5{ . !*= g]kfnnfO{ wd{–lg/k]If /fHo 3flift ul/g'k5{ . !(= dxLnfdflysf] lkt[;QfTds zf]if0fsf] cGTo ul/g'k5{ . 5f]/LnfO{ 5f]/f;/x k}t[s ;DklQdfly ;dfg clwsf/ lbg'k5{ . @)= ;a}vfn] hftLo zf]if0f / pRkL8gsf] cGTo ul/g'k5{ . hghfltx?sf] afx'No ePsf If]qx?df hftLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ . @!= blntx?dfly e]befj cGTo ul/g'k5{ . 5'jf5'6 k|yf k'0f{ ?kn] jGb ul/g'k5{ . @@= ;a} efiff–efifLx?nfO{ ;dfg ca;/ / ;'ljwf lbOg'k5{ . pRr dfWolds tx;Dd dft[efiffdf lzIff k|fKt ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ . @#= jfs\ tyf k|sfzg :jtGqtfsf] k"0f{ Uof/]G6L x'g'k5{ . ;/sf/L ;+rf/ dfWodx? k"0f{ ?kn] :jfoQ x'g'k5{ . @$= a'l4lhaL, ;flxTosf/, snfsf/ / ;f+:s[lts sdL{x?sf] k|fl1s :jtGqtfsf] Uof/]G6L ul/g'k5{ . @%= kxf8 / t/fO{sf] If]qLo e]befjsf] cGTo ul/g'k5{, lk5l8Psf Onfsfx?nfO{ If]qLo :jfoQtf k|bfg ul/g'k5{ . ufp+ / zx/aLr ;Gt'ng sfod ul/g'k5{ . @^= :yfgLo lgsfox?nfO{ clwsf/ / ;fwg ;DkGg agfOg'k5{ . u= hghLljsfsf] k|Zg;+u ;DalGwt dfux? @&= hdLg hf]Tg]sf] x'g'k5{ / ;fdGtx?sf] hdLg hkmt u/]/ e"ldxLg tyf ;'s'Djf;Lx?df ljt/0f ul/g'k5{ . @*= bnfn tyf gf]s/zfxL k"+hLkltx?sf] ;DklQ hkmt u/L /fli6«os/0f ul/g'k5{ . cg'Tkfbs If]qdf clNemPsf] k"+hLnfO{ cf}Bf]lusLs/0fdf nufpg'k5{ . @(= ;a}nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] Uof/]06L ul/g'k5{ . /f]huf/L gkfpGh]n a]/f]huf/ eQfsf] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ . #)= pBf]u, s[lif nufotsf ;a} If]qdf sfd ug]{ dhb"/x?sf] Go"gtd Hofnf lgwf{/0f u/L To;nfO{ s8fOsf ;fy nfu" ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ . #!= ;'s'Djf;Lx?nfO{ a;f]af;sf] plrt Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ . a}slNlks a;f]af;sf] Joj:yf gu/L ;'s'Djf;Lx?nfO{ p7Ljf; ug]{ sfd t'?Gt aGb ul/g'k5{ . #@= u/La ls;fgx?nfO{ k"0f{?kn] C0f d'Qm ul/g'k5{ . s[lif ljsf; a}+saf6 ;fgf ls;fgx?n] lnPsf] C0f ldgfxf ul/g'k5{ . ;fgf pBf]uLx?nfO{ ;d'lrt shf{sf] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ . ##= dn, aLp, ;:tf] / ;'ne x'g'k5{ . ls;fgx?nfO{ ptkfbgsf] plrt d"No / ahf/sf] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ . #$= af9L kLl8t / ;'Vvfu|:t If]qx?df plrt /fxtsf] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ . #%= ;a}nfO{ lgMz'Ns / a}1flgs :jf:Yo ;]jf / lzIffsf] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ . lzIff If]qdf JofKt Jofkf/Ls/0fsf] cGTo ul/g'k5{ . #^= dx+uL lgoGq0f ul/g'k5{ . dx+uLsf] cg'kftdf Hofnfa[l4 ul/g'k5{ . b}lgs pkef]usf j:t'x? ;:tf] / ;'ne tl/sfn] cfk"lt{ ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ . #&= ufp+–ufp+df vfg]kfgL, af6f]3f6f] / lah'nLsf] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ . #*= s'6L/ tyf ;fgf pBf]ux?nfO{ laz]if ;x'lnot / ;+/If0f lbOg'k5{ . #(= e|i6frf/, sfnf]ahf/L, t:s/L, 3"ifvf]/L, sldzgtGq cGTo l/g'k5{ . $)= cgfy, ckf+u, a[4 / afnaflnsfx?sf] plrt ;+/If0fsf] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ . >f]tM g]kfndf hgo'4, g]kfn /fli6«o a'l4hLaL ;+u7g, sf7df8f}+, @)%$, k[=!(–@@=
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